During the winter months, respiratory infections are common. Sometimes, people can become infected with pneumonia due to exposure to a virus, bacteria, or fungus. Pneumonia causes symptoms such as cough, fever, shortness of breath, chest pain, loss of appetite, and fatigue. In some cases, the lung infection can require hospitalization.

Bacteria, viruses, and fungi

Pneumonia is most commonly caused by a bacteria called pneumococcal pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia can occur spontaneously or develop after a cold or flu. Viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, can also cause pneumonia. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of viral pneumonia for young children. Less commonly, pneumonia can be caused by fungi. This is more likely to happen among individuals with chronic health problems or a suppressed immune system. The fungus is typically found in the soil and can be transmitted into the body if good hand-washing practices are not followed.

When symptoms are serious

Like many other respiratory infections, most cases of pneumonia can be treated at home with over-the-counter (OTC) medications, fluids, and plenty of rest. However, in some cases, the illness becomes severe, and a trip to the emergency room (ER) is warranted. Difficulty breathing, a cough that produces blood or pus, severe chest pain, a high fever that doesn’t respond to medication, dizziness, and blue lips, fingernails, or skin are all signs that immediate medication attention is required.

High-risk groups

Even in the absence of severe symptoms, certain high-risk groups should seek urgent care if pneumonia is suspected. People over the age of 65 and young infants are at higher risk of complications from pneumonia and should see a doctor as soon as possible. Individuals with weakened immune systems, smokers, and people with underlying medical conditions should also consider heading to the hospital sooner rather than later when pneumonia strikes.

What happens at the hospital?

If a trip to the ER is required, a doctor will make a diagnosis by listening to the patient's symptoms and conducting a physical exam. Sometimes, a chest x-ray, sputum culture, and blood work are required. Hospital treatment may consist of oxygen therapy, intravenous (IV) fluids, fever control, rest, and antibiotics in cases of bacterial pneumonia. The patient will be monitored closely and allowed to leave once the symptoms have subsided.

Staying healthy

To prevent pneumonia, people should stay up to date with recommended vaccines, practice good hand washing, and stay away from people who are sick. A healthy immune system is critical to fighting off any viruses or bacteria that may enter the body. A balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables, sufficient exercise, and avoiding smoking are all great ways to keep the body strong.

Prepared for pneumonia

Although no individual wants to end up in the hospital, in some cases, expert care is required. Older adults, young infants, and people who experience severe symptoms may need to visit the ER if pneumonia progresses. Knowing the warning signs and when to see emergency care can help people stay prepared while fighting off pneumonia. With proper treatment, the lungs can clear the infection, and health will be restored to the body.